After nearly 20 years of wrangling, a group of Nahua villagers could make legal history in Mexico this month when a court rules on a land dispute involving a Canadian miner.
A lawyer for villagers of Tecoltemi, Puebla, said it was the first time a court would rule on whether the country’s mining law, which gives priority to mining activities over other land use, was constitutional.
Previous cases had only recognized Indigenous people’s right to prior consultation, said Itzel Silva of the Fundar Center for Analysis and Research, a non-profit organization based in Mexico.
“That’s why this case is so important,” said Silva.
For a century, Mexico has granted Indigenous people legal title to ancestral lands, but many have seen mining firms given rights to that land after the government prioritized mining over other land use in the 1990s, lawyers said.
The case, to be heard in a federal court in Puebla, concerns two concessions awarded to Minera Gorrion, a local subsidiary of Canada’s Almaden Minerals, which has caused divisions among villagers while pitting some against the company.
It was filed against the Economy Ministry, which is responsible for mining, on behalf of some villagers, who say exploration activity on gold and silver deposits has contaminated local water sources.
The Ministry did not respond to several requests for comment. A spokesperson for Minera Gorrion said in an email the company abides by rules set by environmental regulators, who had found no irregularities. Almaden Minerals did not respond to repeated requests for comment.
Silva said a ruling for the villagers, who live high in the Sierra Norte mountains, could set a precedent for other claims to try to overturn the law that prioritizes mining over other land use.
Mexico is the world’s top silver producer and one of the largest producers of copper and gold. The mining sector contributes about 4% of Mexico’s gross domestic product.
A long journey
The case dates back to 2003 when Almaden Minerals’ local arm, Minera Gavilan, was awarded a 27,000-acre tract in Puebla state. In 2009 it received a second site of about 7,400 acres.
Both were later transferred to Minera Gorrion, another local subsidiary, Silva said, citing court documents.
Boundaries of both concessions overlapped land claimed by residents of Tecoltemi, near the town of Ixtacamaxtitlan, which lies about 140 km east of Mexico City.
Indigenous leader Víctor Martinez Lobato said villagers were not consulted on the two concessions and their impact.
“The effects (of mining) on the air, on the water, worry us,” said Lobato, pointing to a map showing the concessions.
In 2015, the Fundar center sued the Economy Ministry on behalf of the Tecoltemi villagers. The court ordered that any changes to the concession boundaries be suspended until the federal court issued its ruling.
The following year, Minera Gorrion decided it would hand back to the government about 17,000 acres around Tecoltemi, it told the Thomson Reuters Foundation, on the grounds that it had not conducted any mining activity there.
Minera Gorrion said it had acted “in good faith” and responded to the community’s request by relinquishing land.
It added that the Ixtaca mine would bring “economic benefits to the community, Puebla state, and the country” and that it expected to invest over USD $1.5 billion in running the mine and hire more than 1,000 local workers.
Division among villagers
Silva said many mining concessions in Mexico are unconstitutional because the government fails to consult over ancestral land with Indigenous people, who make up nearly one-quarter of the population of 120 million, according to government data.
In Ixtacamaxtitlan, Puebla, official data shows about one-quarter of 25,000 inhabitants are Indigenous, but campaigners said mining concessions have been issued over about 90% of its 150,000-acre territory.
The most controversial project in Ixtacamaxtitlan involves the Santa María Zotoltepec Indigenous village, 10 kilometers from Tecoltemi, where Minera Gorrion wants to mine gold and silver.
Some villagers work for Minera Gorrion, causing divisions, said Francis Zamora Morales, who sells beauty products.
But she “never agreed with it”, she added, as she wrote “No to the mine” on a poster to display at an upcoming meeting between the company and local people.
Diana Pérez, a lawyer at the Mexican Institute for Community Development who acts on behalf of the villagers, acknowledged the community was split over mining in the area.
“Employment … dictates who is in favor or against the mine,” she said.
Minera Gorrion said it is “understandable that a project like this can generate doubts but we did not perceive a mood of disagreement or against (the mine)”.
A 2016 report by PODER, a local non-profit, found that exploration activity in Ixtacamaxtitlan had contaminated water sources, threatening the community’s supply.
